valence shell

Let us learn about "valence shell"

The outermost shell of an atom is called its Valence shell. It is the decisive shell during a chemical reaction. The electrons of only this outermost shell are involved during chemical combinations; electrons are either given out from the outermost shell, or accepted into the outermost shell, or shared with the electrons in the outermost shell of another element.

Valance shell electronic configuration is the representation of the participation of electrons in orbits of atom.

The electrons in an atom are filled by the three basic principles:

AufBau Principle

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Hund’s Rule

As per AufBau’s principle, the electrons will be filled first in orbital’s with lower energy like 1s will be filled first before 2s and 2s will be filled before 2p.

As per Pauli’s exclusion principle, no two electrons within a particular atom can have identical can have identical quantum numbers. In similar meaning it says that two electrons occupy the same orbital must have opposite spins.

As per Hund’s rule, when an electron come to an atom, and has to choose between two or more orbital’s of same energy, then the preference will be given to empty orbital rather than the occupied one. As more electrons will be occupied, they tend to follow half-filled and fully filled rule.

In our next blog we shall learn about "balance chemical equations calculator"

I hope the above explanation was useful.Keep reading and leave your comments.

Explain Faraday's law

Let us study about Faraday's law,

Faraday's law :

Changing the magnetic flux through a loop of wire induces a current. Faraday's law states that the emf induced in a wire is proportional to the rate of the flux through the loop. Mathematically,
where N is the number of loops, ΔΦ is the change of flux in time, Δ t. The minus sign indicates the polarity of the induced emf.

The preceding equation is easy to use when the flux is set up by an electromagnet. If the electromagnet is turned on or off, the induced emf is equal to the number of turns in the loop times the rate of change of flux. The flux might also be changed through a loop altering the size of the loop. Imagine a slide wire, as shown in Figure 1 , where l is the length of the wire that moves in contact with the U-shaped wire. In this case, ε= Blv, where v is the velocity of the sliding length.Note that this induced emf is indistinguishable from that of a battery and that the current is still just the rate of the motion of charges; therefore, Ohm's law and other relationships for currents in wires are still valid.
Hope the above explanation was helpful.

Transverse and longitudinal waves

Transverse and longitudinal waves :

On the left side of Figure 1 , a pulse travels on a string. As the pulse passes point P on the string, the point moves up and then back to the equilibrium position. Each segment of the rope moves only perpendicular to the motion of the wave. This type of traveling wave is called a transverse wave.

Figure 1

Transverse (a) and longitudinal (b) waves.

The right side of Figure 1 shows the pulse propagated along a stretched spring. In this case, the individual points along the medium (the spring) travel back and forth parallel to the motion of the pulse. This type of traveling wave is called a longitudinal wave. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
I hope the above explanation was helpful.

Summary to Reflection of Light

In this lesson .. let me try to help you on reflection of light.

Introduction -

It is a matter of common experience that the objects inside a dark room, which are invisible, become visible when the room is illuminated by a source of light. Thus light can be defined as the external cause responsible for the sensation of vision.

When a ray of light falls on any surface, a part of the light is sent back to the same medium. This phenomenon where the incident light falling on a surface is sent back to the same medium is known as reflection.

There are two types of reflection of light:

• Regular reflection

• Irregular reflection

Regular reflection -

Regular Reflection on a Smooth Surface

Regular reflection takes place when a ray of light is incident on a polished smooth surface like a mirror. Here the reflected ray of light moves only in a fixed direction.

Irregular reflection-

Irregular reflection or diffused reflection takes place when a ray of light is incident on a wall or wood, which is not smooth or polished. In this case, the different portions of the surface reflect the incident light in different directions. In such cases no definite image is formed, but the surface becomes visible. It is commonly known as scattering of light. Thus diffused reflection makes non-luminous objects visible.

Not all light, which hits an object, is reflected. Some of the incident light is absorbed. The brightness of an object depends on the intensity of the incident light and also on the reflectivity of the object.

If a surface allows the entire incident light to undergo regular reflection then it will become invisible.

I hope my information on this topic is more helpful to you .. Keep reading and leave your comments..

Explain Centripetal acceleration

Let us study about centripetal acceleration,

Property of the motion of an object traveling in a circular path. Centripetal describes the force on the object, directed toward the centre of the circle, which causes a constant change in the object's direction and thus its acceleration. The magnitude of centripetal acceleration a is equal to the square of the object's velocity v along the curved path divided by the object's distance r from the centre of the circle, or a = v2/r.

The radial component of the acceleration of a particle or object moving around a circle, which can be shown to be directed toward the center of the circle. Also known as radial acceleration.

The gravitational acceleration at earth's surface is 9.8 m/s/s. The centripetal acceleration on earth's surface at
the equator is 0.006 m/s/s. At earth's equator the gravitational force and the centripetal force are both in the same vertical direction. However, at other places on earth's surface the centripetal force is at an angle equal to a place's latitude, and the centripetal force is reduced due to reduced distance to the axis of earth's rotation. One would deduce that at these places there's a horizontal component of centripetal force, that would cause a person to lean slightly toward earth's pole to maintain his or her balance.
Hope the above explanation was helpful.

Elasticity of solids

Let us study about elasticity of solids,
Elasticity is the ability of a solid to return to its initial shape after having an outside force applied to it and then removed. An object with a high level of elasticity is able to have its shape changed a great deal, while still being able to return to its original form. Solids with little or no elasticity either become permanently deformed or break when a force is applied to them. The term elasticity can also be used to describe the ability of processes or systems to stretch or be flexible.

Due to the molecular make up of solids, liquids, and gases, they all react differently to outside stresses. The molecules that make up a solid are very close together and are found in a precise arrangement. This means that there is little room for give when a force is applied to a solid. The molecules of liquids and gases are spread further apart, and move more freely than those of solids. When a force is applied to liquids and gases, they can either flow away from or around the force, or be compressed a great deal, unlike most solids.

There are three different classes of force, or stresses, that can affect solid objects. The first is tension, also called stretching, which occurs when equal but opposite forces are applied to either end of the object. Compression is the second type of stress, which occurs when an object is put under pressure, or the force pushing on the solid is at 90 degrees to its surface. Imagine crushing an empty paper towel roll between your hands with your hands at either end. The final type of stress is shear, which happens when the force is parallel to the surface of the object.
Hope the above explanation helped you, now let us study about states of matter.

Center of Mass

Let us learn about center of mass,

Every object has a center of mass, which can be thought of as the point that is as close as possible to every piece of an object. Usually the center of mass is found within the object. For example, the center of mass of a ball is the very middle of the ball, and the center of mass of a book is the middle of the book. Where do you think the center of mass of your pencil is? How about the center of mass of your body? Talk about this with you mentor.

The center of mass determines whether or not something will fall over. Imagine pushing over a refrigerator. At the beginning, the center of mass is directly over where the fridge touches the ground.

If you push the refrigerator a little, it will fall back into place. If, however, you push it enough so that the center of mass is past the piece of the fridge that is touching the ground, it will fall.
Hope the above explanation helped you, now let us study about Force.